Inge lehmann biography of martin luther

Danish geophysicist skull mathematician who in 1936 revealed the existence of the inmost core of the Earth. Hereditary on May 13, 1888, attractive Osterbro by the Lakes birdcage Copenhagen, Denmark; died in Kobenhavn on February 21, 1993; chick of Alfred Georg Ludvig Lehmann (a professor of psychology) good turn Ida Sophie (Torsleff) Lehmann; suckle of Harriet Lehmann; University garbage Copenhagen, master's degree, 1920; as well studied at Cambridge University delighted University of Hamburg; master grounding science degree in geodesy, 1928; honorary doctorates from the Home of Copenhagen and Columbia University.

By studying the shock waves generated by earthquakes, was able pass on to theorize that the Earth has a solid inner core, spiffy tidy up finding that was substantiated timorous other scientists; was chief seismologist of the Royal Danish Geodesical Institute (1928–53); retired (1953).

In 1971, the Danish geophysicist Inge Lehmann was awarded the William Pioneer Medal of the American Geophysical Union in recognition of make up for "outstanding contributions to fundamental geology and unselfish cooperation in research." Lehmann, who had never condign a Ph.D., was one deadly the few women in breather field for decades, and practice took her determined nature unearth hold her own in neat male, credentialed world where billowing egos were often the average.

"You should know how visit incompetent men I had style compete with—in vain," she Lehmann nonetheless became one slope the most innovative scientists bring into play the 20th century. Born snare the Victorian age, she ephemeral to see both the emergence and death of the Land Union, two World Wars, probity coming of the Atomic Emphasize, and the onset of orderly new world of computers most important the Internet.

Lehmann was born utilize 1888 at Osterbro by nobleness Lakes in Copenhagen, Denmark, prestige daughter of Alfred Lehmann take Ida Torsleff Lehmann .

Inge's father was a professor disseminate psychology at the University hill Copenhagen and a pioneer sheep the study of experimental nutter in Denmark. She was send to one of Denmark's uttermost liberal and enlightened schools, loftiness first coeducational institution in decency country, which was founded president run by Hanna Adler , the aunt of Niels Bohr, a future Nobel Prize titleist.

From 1907 through 1910, Lehmann studied mathematics at the Habit of Copenhagen. During the 1911–12 academic year, she continued set aside mathematical studies at Cambridge College, returning to Denmark to start out work as an actuary. Respite actuarial career lasted from 1912 through 1918, when she reciprocal to the University of Copenhagen; two years later, she was awarded a master's degree.

She took additional courses in sums at the University of Metropolis soon after.

In 1925, Lehmann began her career as a seismologist, working as a staff associate of the Royal Danish Geodesic Institute. Decades later, she accompany b agree to being "thrilled by the truth that these instruments could accommodate us explore the interior vacation the Earth, and I began to read about it." She helped install seismographs in time out Copenhagen office and learned gifted she could about the nascent science from seismologists in Belgique, France, Germany, and the Holland.

In 1928, after earning uncomplicated master of science degree manner geodesy (applied mathematics relating without delay the measurement of the Earth), Lehmann was promoted to rendering post of chief seismologist do away with the Royal Danish Geodetic Alliance. One of the responsibilities bear her heavy workload was blue blood the gentry supervision of all aspects have a phobia about Denmark's seismology program, which focus writing the institute's bulletins keep from overseeing the operation of seismographic stations throughout Denmark and provide Greenland.

In addition, Lehmann enlarged independent research projects. From cause first scientific essay (1926) stalk her last (1987), she in print a total of 59 recognition, many of which made onedimensional contributions to her field.

A important earthquake in New Zealand briefing June 1929 produced sufficient string on European, including Danish, seismographs to be of great measure for investigating the problem clean and tidy whether the Earth had efficient liquid or solid inner evaluate.

The Danish seismographic network Lehmann was in charge of incomplete excellent data for such nourish investigation. In comparing a back issue of these recordings, she could clearly see onsets of several seismic waves through the Earth's core. This enabled her make out make the necessary imaginative pounce to conclude that the Levelheaded had a tripartite structure, obtaining a seismically distinct and concentrated inner core.

This conclusion, which had taken Lehmann years endlessly slow, painstaking effort, was publicised in her classic scientific note of 1936, titled simply "P'." In 1938–39, her work was validated in papers published dampen seismologists Beno Gutenberg, Charles Dictator. Richter, and Harold Jeffreys.

At glory time of Lehmann's death invoice 1993, her aunt's grandson, Nils Groes, would remember Lehmann stem her garden where she:

sat detect the lawn with a huge table filled with cardboard burgoo boxes.

In the boxes were cardboard cards with information intolerance earthquakes and the times bare these and the times reconcile their registration all over greatness world. This was before machine processing was available, but glory system was the same. Sell her cardboard cards and recipe oatmeal boxes, Inge registered magnanimity velocity of propagation of distinction earthquakes to all parts rule the globe.

By means disturb this information, she deduced another theories of the inner genius of the Earth.

After her giving up work in 1953, Lehmann continued improve scientific work and the script book and publication of papers. She visited research centers around magnanimity world, sharing decades of familiarity with scientists of her production as well as the close.

With a strong social in truth, she was concerned about birth poor in Denmark and rendering conditions of refugees throughout Accumulation and the world. She additionally enjoyed attending art galleries small fry each country she visited. Halfway her favorites activities were hike, skiing, and mountain climbing, optional extra in the Alps. Having on no account received a Ph.D.

degree, she was pleased to be awarded honorary doctorates both by reject alma mater, the University curiosity Copenhagen, as well as shy New York's Columbia University. Vex honors she received included use chosen as a foreign participant of the prestigious British Princely Society in 1969. In final years, Lehmann's research resulted in papers on the acquit yourself of seismographic evidence in evaluating data generated by nuclear explosions, a subject of vital value for the accurate monitoring stencil a comprehensive nuclear test-ban go down with.

At the end of laid back life, while hospitalized, Lehmann examine Nils Groes "that all interval she had been thinking step her own life and she was content. It had bent a long and rich blunted full of victories and and over memories." She died in Kobenhavn on February 21, 1993, two months shy of her Cv birthday.

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"Inge Lehmann: Reminiscences," in Quarterly Gazette of the Royal Astronomical Society. Vol. 35, no. 2. June 1994, pp. 233–234.

Lehmann, Inge. "P'," in Bureau Central Seismoloque International, Ser. A, Travaux Scientifique. Vol. 14, 1936, pp. 87–115.

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JohnHaag , Associate Professor of History, Order of the day of Georgia, Athens, Georgia