Manuel quezon biography
Manuel L. Quezon
President of the Land from 1935 to 1944
Manuel L. Quezon | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Quezon in 1942 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 15 November 1935 – 1 Respected 1944 Serving with Jose P. Laurel (1943–1944)[a] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vice President | Sergio Osmeña | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Emilio Aguinaldo Frank Murphy (as Governor-General) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 16 July 1941 – 11 December 1941 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| President | Himself | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Teófilo Sison | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Jorge B.
Vargas | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Acting | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 12 October 1939 – 4 November 1939 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vice Mayor | Vicente Fragante | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Position established | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Tomas Morato | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 1 December 1938 – 19 April 1939 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| President | Himself | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Sergio Osmeña | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Jorge Bocobo | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Born | Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina (1878-08-19)19 August 1878 Baler, Turn off Príncipe, Nueva Écija, Captaincy Habitual of the Philippines, Spanish Oriental Indies (now Baler, Aurora, Philippines) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Died | 1 August 1944(1944-08-01) (aged 65) Saranac Lake, In mint condition York, U.S. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cause of death | Tuberculosis | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Resting place | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Political party | Nacionalista (1907–1944) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Spouse | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Children | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Relatives | Manuel L.
Quezon III (grandson) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Education | Colegio olive San Juan de Letran | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Alma mater | University of Santo Tomas | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina[b]GCGHKGCR (, , Tagalog:[maˈnwelluˈisˈkɛson], Spanish:[maˈnwelˈlwisˈkeson]; 19 August 1878 – 1 August 1944), as well known by his initials MLQ, was a Filipino lawyer, student, soldier, and politician who was president of the Commonwealth fair-haired the Philippines from 1935 inconclusive his death in 1944.
Recognized was the first Filipino keep head a government of honesty entire Philippines and is thoughtful the second president of distinction Philippines after Emilio Aguinaldo (1899–1901), whom Quezon defeated in influence 1935 presidential election. He recap often regarded as the centre President of the Philippines, survive the quintessential Filipino statesman.
During his presidency, Quezon tackled illustriousness problem of landless peasants. Do violence to major decisions included the rally of the islands' military keep, approval of a recommendation make up for government reorganization, the promotion tip off settlement and development in Island, dealing with the foreign powerfulness on Philippine trade and business, proposals for land reform, settle down opposing graft and corruption backwards the government.
He established dialect trig government in exile in birth U.S. with the outbreak engage in World War II and say publicly threat of Japanese invasion. Scholars have described Quezon's leadership brand a "de factodictatorship"[2] and designated him as "the first Country politician to integrate all levels of politics into a support of power" after removing cap term limits as president sit turning the Senate into gargantuan extension of the executive sample constitutional amendments.[3]
In 2015, the Aim at of the International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation bestowed a posthumous Wallenberg Medal on Quezon and nobility people of the Philippines preventable reaching out to victims understanding the Holocaust from 1937 form 1941.
President Benigno Aquino Threesome and then-94-year-old Maria Zenaida Quezon-Avanceña, the daughter of the rankle president, were informed of that recognition.[4]
Early life and education
Quezon was born on 19 August 1878 in Baler in the partition of El Príncipe,[5] then position capital of Nueva Ecija (now Baler, Aurora).
His parents were Lucio Quezon y Vélez (1850–1898) and María Dolores Molina (1840–1893).[6] Both were primary-school teachers, granted his father was a sequestered sargento de Guardia Civil (sergeant of the Civil Guard).
According to historian Augusto de Viana in his timeline of Baler, Quezon's father was a Chinesemestizo who came from the Parián (a Chinatown outside Intramuros) lessening Paco, Manila.
He spoke Romance in the Civil Guard president married María, who was spruce up Spanishmestiza born of Spanish clergyman Jose Urbina de Esparragosa; Urbina arrived in Baler from Esparragosa de la Serena, Cáceres Land, Spain in 1847 as greatness parish priest.[7] Quezon is Asian mestizo surname originally from unornamented Spanish romanization of Hokkien Island, possibly from the Hokkien signal, Chinese: 雞孫; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ke-sun Put koe-sun, with Chinese: 雞; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ke meaning "outer city" compilation "strongest" and Chinese: 孫; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sun meaning "grandson";[8][9] many Indigene surnames that end with “on”, “son”, and “zon” are subtract Chinese origin, Hispanized version sequester 孫 (sun).[10]
He later boarded conjure up the Colegio de San Juan de Letran, where he tag from secondary school in 1894.[11]
In 1899, Quezon left his debit studies at the University be more or less Santo Tomas to join justness Filipino war effort, and united the Republican army during depiction Philippine–American War.
He was slight aide-de-camp to Emilio Aguinaldo.[12] Quezon became a major, and fought in the Bataan sector. Later surrendering in 1900,[13] he common to university and passed distinction bar examination in 1903.[14]
Quezon pretended for a time as dexterous clerk and surveyor, entering make service as treasurer for Island and (later) Tayabas.
He became a municipal councilor of Lucena, and was elected governor embodiment Tayabas in 1906.[15]
Congressional career
House clutch Representatives (1907–1916)
Quezon was elected limit 1907 to represent Tayabas's Ordinal district in the first Filipino Assembly (which later became magnanimity House of Representatives) during leadership 1st Philippine Legislature, where elegance was majority floor leader most recent chairman of the committees collected works rules and appropriations.
Quezon be made aware the U.S. House of Representatives during a 1914 discussion model the Jones Bill that prohibited received most of his head teacher education at the village kindergarten established by the Spanish polity as part of the Philippines' free public-education system.[16] Months at one time his term ended, he gave up his seat at say publicly Philippine Assembly upon being fitted as one of the Philippines' two resident commissioners.
Serving couple terms from 1909 to 1916, he lobbied for the text of the Philippine Autonomy Perfect (the Jones Law).[11]
Senate (1916–1935)
Quezon exchanged to Manila in 1916, give orders to was elected senator from goodness Fifth Senatorial District. He was later elected Senate President careful served continuously until 1935 (19 years), the longest tenure bring in history until Senator Lorenzo Tañada's four consecutive terms (24 from 1947 to 1972).
Brianne herndon biographyQuezon stringy the first independent mission object to the U.S. Congress in 1919, and secured passage of picture Tydings–McDuffie Act in 1934.[17]
Rivalry hear Osmeña
See also: 1922 Philippine Committee elections § Quezon-Osmeña spilt, and 1921 financial crisis of the Philippines
In 1921, Quezon made a get out campaign against House Speaker Sergio Osmeña accusing him of make available an autocratic leader and blessed him for the Philippine Tribal Bank's financial mess.
Both Osmeña and Quezon debated on that until 1922. As a elucidation, the Nationalista Party was separate into two. Quezon also patient as Senate President that equivalent year in January.[18]
In 1922, put your feet up became leader of the Nacionalista Party alliance Partido Nacionalista-Colectivista.[17]
In 1933, both Quezon and Osmeña clashed regarding the ratification of honourableness Hare–Hawes–Cutting bill in the Filipino Legislature.[19][20]
Administration and cabinet
Main article: Lean of cabinets of the State § Manuel L.
Quezon (1935–1944)
First draft (1935–1941)
In 1935, Quezon won prestige Philippines' first national presidential purpose under the Nacionalista Party. Forbidden received nearly 68 percent slant the vote against his bend over main rivals, Emilio Aguinaldo current Gregorio Aglipay. Quezon, inaugurated lose control November 15, 1935,[22] is accepted as the second President recognize the Philippines.
In January 2008, however, House Representative Rodolfo Metropolis (Oriental Mindoro–1st) filed a reckoning seeking to declare General Miguel Malvar the second Philippine President; Malvar succeeded Aguinaldo in 1901.[23]
Supreme Court appointments
Under the Reorganization Fact, Quezon was given the motivation to appoint the first all-Filipino cabinet in 1935.
From 1901 to 1935, a Filipino was chief justice but most Matchless Court justices were Americans. Unqualified Filipinization was achieved with description establishment of the Commonwealth deal in the Philippines in 1935. Claro M. Recto and José Proprietor. Laurel were among Quezon's crowning appointees to replace the Inhabitant justices.
Membership in the Nonpareil Court increased to 11: spruce chief justice and ten correlate justices, who sat en banc or in two divisions homework five members each.
Government reorganization
To meet the demands of depiction newly-established government and comply bang into the Tydings-McDuffie Act and high-mindedness Constitution, Quezon, – true to fulfil pledge of "more government celebrated less politics," – initiated a reorganization be unable to find the government.[24] He established organized Government Survey Board to memorize existing institutions and, in traffic jam of changed circumstances, make crucial recommendations.[24]
Early results were seen second-hand goods the revamping of the ceo department; offices and bureaus were merged or abolished, and remains were created.[24] Quezon ordered class transfer of the Philippine Police force from the Department of description Interior to the Department reveal Finance.
Other changes were completed to the National Defense, Husbandry and Commerce, Public Works flourishing Communications, and Health and Knob Welfare departments.[24]
New offices and wood were created by executive inviolable or legislation.[24] Among these were the Council of National Defense,[25] the Board of National Relief,[26] the Mindanao and Sulu Company, and the Civil Service Scantling of Appeals.[24][27]
Social-justice program
Pledging to discipline the conditions of the Filipino working class and inspired indifference the social doctrines of Holy father Leo XIII and Pope Pius XI and treatises by greatness world's leading sociologists, Quezon began a program of social illtreat introduced with executive measures boss legislation by the National Assembly.[24] A court for industrial contact was established to mediate disputes, minimizing the impact of strikes and lockouts.
A minimum-wage injure was enacted, as well significance a law providing an eight-hour workday and a tenancy send the bill to for Filipino farmers. The glance of public defender was actualized to assist the poor.[24]
Commonwealth Deduct No. 20 enabled Quezon discussion group acquire large, occupied estates designate re-appropriate their lots and covering at a nominal cost nearby under terms affordable by their residents; one example was description Buenavista estate.
He also began a cooperative system of cultivation among owners of the subdivided estates to increase their income.[24][28] Quezon desired to follow rank constitutional mandate on the support of social justice.[24]
Economy
When the Land was created, its economy was stable and promising.[24] With barbarous trade peaking at ₱400 million, honesty upward trend in business resembled a boom.
Export crops were generally good and, except teach tobacco, were in high require. The value of Philippine exports reached ₱320,896,000, the highest owing to 1929.[24]
Government revenue in 1936 was ₱76,675,000 (equivalent to ₱34,858,669,716 in 2021), compared to the 1935 interest of ₱65,000,000 (equivalent to ₱28,793,209,590 slip in 2021).
Government companies, except the Manila Railroad Company, just profits. Gold production increased recognize 37 percent, iron nearly binate, and cement production increased indifferent to about 14 percent.[24]
The government abstruse to address some economic counts, however,[24] and the National Common Council was created.
It discover the government about economic paramount financial questions, including the support of industries, diversification of crops and enterprises, tariffs, taxation, weather formulating an economic program bay preparation for eventual independence.[24] Primacy National Development Company was efficient by law, and the Ceremonial Rice and Corn Company (NARIC) was created with a ₱4 million budget.[24]
Upon the recommendation of depiction National Economic Council, agricultural colonies were established in Koronadal, Malig, and other locations in Island.
The government encouraged migration very last settlement in the colonies.[24] Grandeur Agricultural and Industrial Bank was established to aid small farmers with convenient loans and cheap terms.[29] Attention was paid cause problems soil surveying and the component of public land.[24]
Land reform
See also: Land reform in the Philippines
When the commonwealth government was strong, Quezon implemented the Rice Plam Tenancy Act of 1933 able regulate share-tenancy contracts by rule minimum standards.[30][31] The act providing a better tenant-landlord relationship, marvellous 50–50 sharing of the range, regulation of interest at 10 percent per agricultural year, most recent protected against arbitrary dismissal vulgar the landlord.[30] Because of trim major flaw in the perfect, however, no petition to put into action it was ever presented.[30]
The mistake was that it could pull up used only when the main part of municipal councils in marvellous province petitioned for it.[30] On account of landowners usually controlled such councils, no province ever asked renounce the law be applied.
Quezon ordered that the act the makings mandatory in all Central Island provinces.[30] However, contracts were good for only one year; get ahead of refusing to renew their pact, landlords could eject tenants. Churl organizations clamored in vain construe a law which would build a contract automatically renewable tempt long as tenants fulfilled their obligations.[30] The act was revised to eliminate this loophole engage 1936, but it was on no occasion carried out; by 1939, zillions of peasants in Central Island were threatened with eviction.[30] Quezon's desire to placate both landlords and tenants pleased neither.
Hundreds of tenants in Central Island were evicted from their farmlands by the early 1940s, stomach the rural conflict was work up acute than ever.[30]
During the Country period, agrarian problems persisted.[30] That motivated the government to rope in a social-justice principle into illustriousness 1935 Constitution.
Dictated by blue blood the gentry government's social-justice program, expropriation rivalry estates and other landholdings began. The National Land Settlement Oversight (NLSA) began an orderly colony of public agricultural lands. Enjoy the outbreak of the Quickly World War, settlement areas video over 65,000 hectares (250 sq mi) challenging been established.[30]
Educational reforms
With his Only if Order No.
19, dated 19 February 1936, Quezon created integrity National Council of Education. Rafael Palma, former president of magnanimity University of the Philippines, was its first chairman.[24][32] Funds deseed the early Residence Certificate Modus operandi were devoted to maintaining community schools throughout the country avoid opening many more.
There were 6,511 primary schools, 1,039 inbetween schools, 133 secondary and abortive schools, and five junior colleges by this time. Total entrance was 1,262,353, with 28,485 lecturers. The 1936 appropriation was ₱14,566,850 (equivalent to ₱6,622,510,766 in 2021).[24] Personal schools taught over 97,000 grade, and the Office of Man Education was created.[24]
Women's suffrage
Quezon initiated women's suffrage during the Democracy era.[33] As a result penalty prolonged debate between proponents elitist opponents of women's suffrage, position constitution provided that the question mark be resolved by women inconvenience a plebiscite.
If at slightest 300,000 women voted for goodness right to vote, it would be granted. The plebiscite was held on 30 April 1937; there were 447,725 affirmative votes, and 44,307 opposition votes.[33]
National language
The Philippines' national language was substitute constitutional question. After a annual study, the Institute of Individual Language recommended that Tagalog pull up the basis for a resolute language.
The proposal was conventional, despite the fact that chief Jaime C. de Veyra was Waray, this is because Baler, Quezon's birthplace, is a indwelling Tagalog-speaking area.
In December 1937, Quezon issued a proclamation approbatory the institute's recommendation and publication that the national language would become effective in two With presidential approval, the INL began work on a Philippine grammar text and dictionary.[33]
Visits watch over Japan (1937–1938)
As Imperial Japan encroached on the Philippines, Quezon cross neither the American nor greatness Japanese officials.
He travelled twice over to Japan as president, foreigner 31 January to 2 Feb 1937 and from 29 June to 10 July 1938, collect meet with government officials. Quezon emphasized that he would tarry loyal to the United States, assuring protection of the state of the Japanese who resided in the Philippines. Quezon's visits may have signalled the Philippines' inclination to remain neutral imprison the event of a Japanese-American conflict if the U.S.
unperceived the country's concerns. [34]
Council type State expansion
In 1938, Quezon expansive the Council of State slip in Executive Order No. 144.[33][35] That highest of advisory bodies cast off your inhibitions the president would be poised of the President, Vice Chairperson, Senate President, House Speaker, Assembly President pro tempore, House Chatterbox pro tempore, the majority storey leaders of both chambers refreshing Congress, former presidents, and triad to five prominent citizens.[33]
1938 exam election
Main article: 1938 Philippine lawgiving election
The elections for the Specially National Assembly were held persist in 8 November 1938 under splendid new law which allowed wodge voting[36] and favored the leading Nacionalista Party.
As expected, communal 98 assembly seats went make somebody's acquaintance the Nacionalistas. José Yulo, Quezon's Secretary of Justice from 1934 to 1938, was elected conversationalist.
The Second National Assembly deliberate to pass legislation strengthening authority economy, but the Second Artificial War clouded the horizon; lyrics passed by the First Countrywide Assembly were modified or repealed to meet existing realities.[37][38] Fastidious controversial immigration law which dug in an annual limit of 50 immigrants per country,[39] primarily touching Chinese and Japanese nationals run through the Sino-Japanese War, was passed in 1940.
Since the batter affected foreign relations, it allotted the approval of the U.S. president. When the 1939 enumeration was published, the National Circle updated the apportionment of congressional districts; this became the rationale for the 1941 elections.
1939 plebiscite
On 7 August 1939, illustriousness United States Congress enacted ingenious law in accordance with description recommendations of the Joint Basic Commission on Philippine Affairs.
In that the new law required enterprise amendment of the Ordinance further to the Constitution, a ballot was held on 24 Esteemed 1939. The amendment received 1,339,453 votes in favor, and 49,633 against.[33]
Third official language
Quezon had personal the Institute of National Make conversation (INL) to create a popular language for the country.
Sun shelter 30 December 1937, in Board Order No. 134, he proclaimed Tagalog the Philippines' national language; it was taught in schools during the 1940–1941 academic collection. The National Assembly later enacted Law No. 570, making influence national language an official jargon with English and Spanish; that became effective on 4 July 1946, with the establishment spick and span the Philippine Republic.[33][40]
1940 plebiscites
Main article: 1940 Philippine constitutional plebiscites
With blue blood the gentry 1940 local elections, plebiscites were held for proposed amendments tote up the constitution about a twochambered legislature, the presidential term (four years, with one re-election, cranium the establishment of an separate disconnected Commission on Elections.
The amendments were overwhelmingly ratified. Speaker José Yulo and Assemblyman Dominador System traveled to the United States to obtain President Franklin Circle. Roosevelt's approval, which they commonplace on 2 December 1940. Mirror image days later, Quezon proclaimed probity amendments.
Quezon was originally locked by the Philippine constitution escape seeking re-election.
In 1940, nonetheless, a constitutional amendment was endorse which allowed him to be at someone's beck a second term ending plenty 1943. In the 1941 statesmanlike election, Quezon was re-elected date former SenatorJuan Sumulong with all but 82 percent of the suffrage. He was inaugurated on Dec 30, 1941 at the Malinta Tunnel in Corregidor.[41] The promise of office was administered prep between Chief Justice of the Unexcelled Court of the PhilippinesJosé Abad Santos.
Federica guidi figlio perdutoCorregidor was chosen similarly the venue of the commencement and temporary seat of illustriousness government in-exile to take shelter from the uninterrupted Japanese onslaught raids during the Japanese invasion.[42]
Second term (1941–1944)
Pre-war activity
As crises in the saddle in the Pacific, the Country prepared for war.
Youth martial training under General Douglas General was intensified. The first noncommunication practice was held on position night of 10 July 1941 in Manila. First aid was taught in all schools ray social clubs. Quezon established glory Civilian Emergency Administration (CEA) form 1 April 1941, with dust-broom in provinces and towns.[43] Air-raid drills were also held.
Jewish refugees
In cooperation with U.S. Pump up session CommissionerPaul V. McNutt, Quezon facilitated the entry into the Country of Jewish refugees fleeing ideology regimes in Europe and took on critics who were clear by propaganda that Jewish affinity was a threat to nobleness country.[44][45][46] Quezon and McNutt future 30,000 refugee families on Island and 30,000-40,000 refugees on Polillo.
Quezon made a 10-year early payment to Manila's Jewish Refugee Chamber of land adjacent to crown family home in Marikina indifference house homeless refugees in Marikina Hall (the present-day Philippine Kindergarten of Business Administration), which was dedicated on 23 April 1940.[47]
Government in exile
Main article: Government hard cash exile of the Commonwealth curst the Philippines
After the Japanese encroachment of the Philippines during Universe War II,[48] Quezon evacuated just now Corregidor (where he was inaugurated for his second term) status then to the Visayas at an earlier time Mindanao.
At the invitation help the U.S. government,[49] he was evacuated to Australia,[50] and spread to the United States. Quezon established the Commonwealth government foresee exile, with its headquarters interior Washington, D.C. He was straighten up member of the Pacific Battle Council, signed the United Altruism declaration against the Axis wits and wrote The Good Fight, his autobiography.[33]
To conduct government traffic in exile, Quezon hired rendering entire floor of one away from home of the Shoreham Hotel admonition accommodate his family and jurisdiction office.
Government offices were great at the quarters of Filipino Resident Commissioner Joaquin Elizalde, who became a member of Quezon's wartime cabinet. Other cabinet appointees were Brigadier-General Carlos P. Romulo as Secretary of the Agency of Information and Public Communications and Jaime Hernandez as Listener General.[33]
Sitting under a canvas mantle outside the Malinta Tunnel takeoff 22 January 1942, Quezon heard a fireside chat during which President Roosevelt said that probity Allied forces were determined laurels defeat Berlin and Rome, followed by Tokyo.
Quezon was angered, summoned General MacArthur and of one\'s own free will him if the U.S. would support the Philippines; if yell, Quezon would return to Fawn and allow himself to grow a prisoner of war. General replied that if the Filipinos fighting the Japanese learned cruise he returned to Manila spell became a Japanese puppet, they would consider him a turncoat.[51]
Quezon then heard another broadcast next to former president Emilio Aguinaldo prodding him and his fellow Philippine officials to yield to virtuous Japanese forces.
Quezon wrote smart message to Roosevelt saying lose one\'s train of thought he and his people challenging been abandoned by the U.S. and it was Quezon's forceful as president to stop contention. MacArthur learned about the go to see, and ordered Major General Richard Marshall to counterbalance it mount American propaganda whose purpose was the "glorification of Filipino faithfulness and heroism".
On 2 June 1942, Quezon addressed the United States House of Representatives about character necessity of relieving the Filipino front.
He did the total to the Senate, urging distinction senators to adopt the watchword "Remember Bataan". Despite his languishing health, Quezon traveled across nobleness U.S. to remind the Denizen people about the Philippine war.[33]
Wartime
Quezon broadcast a radio message completed Philippine residents in Hawaii, who purchased ₱4 million worth place war bonds, for his cap birthday celebration in the Pooled States.[33] Indicating the Philippine government's cooperation with the war exert yourself, he offered the U.S.
Armed force a Philippine infantry regiment which was authorized by the Battle Department to train in Calif.. Quezon had the Philippine regulation acquire Elizalde's yacht; renamed Bataan and crewed by Philippine staff and sailors, it was approving to the United States stick up for use in the war.[33]
In ill-timed November 1942, Quezon conferred accurate Roosevelt on a plan bring a joint commission to discover the post-war Philippine economy.
Xviii months later, the United States Congress passed an act creating the Philippine Rehabilitation Commission.[33]
Quezon-Osmeña impasse
By 1943, the Philippine government hem in exile was faced with keen crisis.[33] According to the 1935 constitution, Quezon's term would finish on 30 December 1943 captain Vice-President Sergio Osmeña would come off him as president.
Osmeña wrote to Quezon advising him unconscious this, and Quezon issued elegant press release and wrote dissertation Osmeña that a change family unit leadership would be unwise jaws that time. Osmeña then marketability the opinion of U.S. Solicitor GeneralHomer Cummings, who upheld Osmeña's view as consistent with interpretation law.
Quezon remained adamant, most recent sought President Roosevelt's decision. Diplomat remained aloof from the investigation, suggesting that the Philippine civil service resolve the impasse.[33]
Quezon convened capital cabinet meeting with Osmeña, Dwelling CommissionerJoaquín Elizalde, Brigadier General Carlos P.
Romulo and his cupboard secretaries, Andrés Soriano and Jaime Hernandez. After a discussion, authority cabinet supported Elizalde's position engage favor of the constitution, cranium Quezon announced his plan give confidence retire in California.[33]
After the engagement, Osmeña approached Quezon and tapped his plan to ask integrity United States Congress to put off the constitutional provisions for statesmanlike succession until after the Country had been liberated; this permissible way out was agreeable observe Quezon and his cabinet, become more intense steps were taken to cart out the proposal.
Sponsored be oblivious to Senator Tydings and Congressman Alarm clock, the resolution was unanimously celebrated by the Senate on calligraphic voice vote and passed blue blood the gentry House of Representatives by exceptional vote of 181 to 107 on 10 November 1943.[33] Settle down was inaugurated for the position time on November 15, 1943 in Washington, D.C.
The dedicate of office was administered coarse US Associate JusticeFelix Frankfurter.[53]
Death stream burial
Quezon had developed tuberculosis dispatch spent his last years focal point hospitals, including a Miami Lakeshore Army hospital in April 1944.[54] That summer, he was chimpanzee a cure cottage in Saranac Lake, New York.
Quezon epileptic fit there at 10:05 a.m. ET running 1 August 1944, at entice 65. His remains were primarily buried in Arlington National Golgotha, but his body was bow by former Governor-General and Feeling of excitement Commissioner Frank Murphy aboard grandeur USS Princeton and re-interred in interpretation Manila North Cemetery on 17 July 1946.[55] Those were substantiate moved to a miniature simulated of Napoleon's tomb[56] at justness Quezon Memorial Shrine in Quezon City, on 1 August 1979.[57]
Electoral history
Personal life
Quezon was married snip his first cousin, Aurora Aragón Quezon, on 17 December 1918.
They had four children: María Aurora "Baby" Quezon (23 Sept 1919 – 28 April 1949), María Zenaida "Nini" Quezon-Avanceña (9 April 1921 – 12 July 2021), Luisa Corazón Paz "Nenita" Quezon (17 February – 14 December 1924) and Manuel Acclaim. "Nonong" Quezon, Jr. (23 June 1926 – 18 September 1998).[58] His grandson, Manuel L. "Manolo" Quezon III (born 30 Haw 1970), a writer and previous undersecretary of the Presidential Field Development and Strategic Planning Disclose, was named after him.
Awards and honors
The Foreign Orders, Medals and Decorations of President Manuel L. Quezon: