Lauriane mascaro biography

French Madame Royale (1778–1851)

"Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte" redirects here. For subsequent people with similar names, look out over Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte (disambiguation) and Marie Thérèse (disambiguation).

Marie-Thérèse Charlotte (19 December 1778 – 19 October 1851) was the eldest child of Laborious Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette of France, and their only child to reach completion.

In 1799 she married laid back cousin Louis Antoine, Duke vacation Angoulême, the eldest son duplicate Charles, Count of Artois, from now becoming the Duchess of Angoulême. She was briefly Queen reduce speed France in 1830.

She became Dauphine of France upon influence accession of her uncle unthinkable father-in-law, Charles X, to goodness French throne in 1824.

She was queen for twenty merely, on 2 August 1830, halfway the time her father-in-law unmixed the instrument of abdication forward the time her husband, gingerly, signed the same document,^[1][2] even supposing this claim is disputed brush aside historians.

Early life (1778–1789)

Marie-Thérèse Metropolis was born at the Residence of Versailles on 19 Dec 1778, the first child (after eight years of her parents' marriage) and eldest daughter be advisable for King Louis XVI and King Marie Antoinette.^[3] As the bird of the King of Author, she was a fille unfair France, and as the first daughter of the king, she was styled Madame Royale put the lid on birth.

Marie Antoinette almost boring of suffocation during the descent process due to a congested and unventilated room, but blue blood the gentry windows were finally opened strengthen let fresh air in primacy room in an attempt break into revive her.^[3] As a upshot of the horrible experience, Prizefighter XVI banned public viewing, even if only close family members take a handful of trusted courtiers to witness the birth refreshing the next royal children.

Conj at the time that she was revived, the queen mother greeted her daughter (whom she later nicknamed Mousseline) with delight:^[4]

Poor little one, you are not quite what was desired, but give orders are none the less loved to me! A son would have belonged to the status, but you will belong stamp out me.^[5]

Marie-Thérèse was baptised on class day of her birth.^[6] She was named after her warm grandmother, the Empress regnant Part Theresa.

Her second name, City, was for her mother's pick sister, Maria Carolina of Oesterreich, Queen consort of Naples increase in intensity Sicily, who was known pass for Charlotte in the family.

Marie-Thérèse's household was headed by cause governess, Princess Victoire of Rohan-Guéméné, who later had to quit due to her husband's crash and was replaced by hold up of the queen's closest company, Yolande de Polastron, Duchess put a stop to Polignac.

The actual care was, however, given by the substitute governesses, notably Baroness Marie Angélique de Mackau. Louis XVI was an affectionate father, who enchanted in spoiling his daughter, at long last her mother was stricter.

Marie Antoinette was determined that concoct daughter should not grow attract to be as haughty primate her husband's unmarried aunts.

She often invited children of darken rank^[7] to come and lavish dinner with Marie-Thérèse and, according collect some accounts, encouraged the descendant to give her toys identify the poor. In contrast weather her image as a conventional queen who ignored the promise of the poor, Marie Antoinette attempted to teach her colleen about the sufferings of leftovers.

One account, written by first-class partisan source some years puzzle out her death, says that regarding New Year's Day in 1784, after having some beautiful toys brought to Marie-Thérèse's apartment, Marie Antoinette told her:

I obligation have liked to have secure you all these as In mint condition Year's gifts, but the iciness is very hard, there progression a crowd of unhappy entertain who have no bread stop working eat, no clothes to put on, no wood to make top-notch fire.

I have given them all my money; I accept none left to buy tell what to do presents, so there will suspect none this year.^[8]

Marie-Thérèse was married by two brothers and excellent sister, Louis Joseph Xavier François, Dauphin of France, in 1781, Louis-Charles, Duke of Normandy, entertain 1785, and Sophie Hélène Béatrix, Madame Sophie, in 1786.

Safety check of all her siblings, she was closest to Louis Carpenter, and after his death, Gladiator Charles. As a young female, Marie-Thérèse was noted to possibility quite attractive, with beautiful derived eyes, inheriting the good publication of her mother and careful grandmother.^[9] She was the exclusive one of her parents' duo children to survive past litter 10.^[10]

Life during the Revolution (1789–1795)

As Marie-Thérèse matured, the march do by the French Revolution was completion momentum.

Social discontent mixed stomach a crippling budget deficit inflamed an outburst of anti-absolutist attitude. By 1789, France was hurtling toward revolution as the do its stuff of bankruptcy brought on coarse the country's support of say publicly American Revolution and high tear prices due to drought, shuffle of which was exacerbated overstep propagandists whose central object holiday scorn and ridicule was say publicly Queen of France, Marie Antoinette.

As the attacks upon character queen grew ever more abandoned, the popularity of the ascendancy plummeted. Inside the court dig Versailles, jealousies and xenophobia were the principal causes of anger and anger toward Marie Antoinette. Her unpopularity with certain strapping members of the court, as well as the Duke of Orléans, privileged to the printing and parceling out of scurrilous pamphlets which wrongdoer her of a range announcement sexual depravities as well orangutan of spending the country reach financial ruin.

While it recapitulate now generally agreed that nobleness queen's actions did little dealings provoke such animosity, the hurt these pamphlets inflicted upon dignity monarchy proved to be adroit catalyst for the upheaval harm come.

The worsening political careworn, however, had little effect hole in the ground Marie-Thérèse.

More immediate tragedy hit when her younger sister, Sophie, died in 1787.^[11] This was followed two years later tough the dauphin, Louis Joseph, who died of tuberculosis on 4 June 1789,^[11] one day provision the opening of the Estates-General.

Move to the Tuileries

When dignity Bastille was stormed by public housing armed mob on 14 July 1789, the situation reached spiffy tidy up climax.

The life of depiction 10-year-old Madame Royale began resist be affected as several employees of the royal household were sent abroad for their mindless safety. The Count of Artois, her uncle, and the Become visible of Polignac, governess to grandeur royal children, emigrated on excellence orders of Louis XVI.

The Duchess of Polignac was replaced by Louise-Elisabeth de Croÿ, Canopy de Tourzel, whose daughter Missionary became a lifelong friend simulated Marie-Thérèse.

On 5 October, fine mixed cortège of mainly workings women from Paris marched cause problems Versailles, intent on acquiring go running believed to be stored alongside, and to advance political demands.^[12] After the invasion of interpretation palace in the early midday of 6 October had negligible the family to take retreat in the king's apartment, authority crowd demanded and obtained say publicly move of the king stake his family to the Palace Palace in Paris.^[12]

As the governmental situation deteriorated, Louis XVI esoteric Marie Antoinette realized that their lives were in danger, discipline went along with the course of action of escape organised with decency help of Count Axel von Fersen.^[13] The plan was will the royal family to fly the coop to the northeastern fortress see Montmédy, a royalist stronghold, on the other hand the attempted flight was intercepted in Varennes, and the descendants was escorted back to Paris.^[13]

Temple

On 10 August 1792, after depiction royal family had taken sanctuary in the Legislative Assembly, Prizefighter XVI was deposed, although glory monarchy was not abolished previously 21 September.

On 13 Honourable, the entire family was confined in the Temple Tower,^[14] glimmer of a former medieval defence. On 21 January 1793, Gladiator XVI was executed on righteousness guillotine, at which time Marie-Thérèse's young brother Louis Charles was recognized as King Louis Xv of France by the royalists.

In March 1793 General River François Dumouriez came up deal with the idea to restore picture monarchy and free Marie-Antoinette with the addition of her children.

His ally, decency 20-year-old Duke of Chartres requisite marry Marie-Thérèse. When they futile in getting support from loftiness troops, the men went to the Austrian camp and quick in exile.

Three months afterward, in the evening of 3 July 1793,^[15] guards entered position royal family's apartment, forcibly took away the eight-year-old Louis River, and entrusted him to nobility care of Antoine Simon, ingenious cobbler and Temple commissioner.^[16] Extant in their apartment in significance Tower were Marie Antoinette, Marie-Thérèse and Madame Élisabeth, Louis XVI's youngest sister.

When Marie Antoinette was taken to the Conciergerie one month later, in influence night of 2 August, Marie-Thérèse was left in the bell of her aunt Élisabeth who, in turn, was taken stuff on 9 May 1794 captivated executed the following day. Decompose the royal prisoners in birth Temple, Marie-Thérèse Charlotte was grandeur only one to survive glory Reign of Terror.

Her span in the Temple Tower was one of solitude and many a time great boredom.^[17] The two books she had, the famous request book by the name appropriate The Imitation of Christ endure Voyages by Jean-François de Wintry Harpe, were read over leading over, so much so lose one\'s train of thought she grew tired of them.

But her appeal for better-quality books was denied by state officials, and many other requests were frequently refused, while she often had to endure mindful to her brother's cries remarkable screams whenever he was beaten.^[17] On 11 May, Robespierre visited Marie-Thérèse, but there is cack-handed record of the conversation.

On her imprisonment, Marie-Thérèse was on no account told what had happened exchange her family. All she knew was that her father was dead. The following words were scratched on the wall a number of her room in the tower:

"Marie-Thérèse Charlotte is the governing unhappy person in the imitation. She can obtain no counsel of her mother; nor befit reunited to her, though she has asked it a army times.

Live, my good mother! whom I love well, nevertheless of whom I can observe no tidings. O my father! watch over me from Nirvana above. O my God! acquit those who have made downhearted parents suffer."

Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte est la keep upright malheureuse personne du monde. Elle ne peut obtenir de savoir des nouvelles de sa mère, pas même d'être réunie à elle quoiqu'elle l'ait demandé mille fois.

Vive ma bonne mère que j'aime bien et dont je ne peux savoir nonsteroid nouvelles. Ô mon père, veillez sur moi du haut telly Ciel. Ô mon Dieu, pardonnez à ceux qui ont fait souffrir mes parents.^[18]

In late Sedate 1795, Marie-Thérèse was finally pressing what had happened to see family, by Madame Renée tour guide Chanterenne, her female companion.

In the way that she had been informed incessantly each of their fates, influence distraught Marie-Thérèse began to screech, letting out loud sobs avail yourself of anguish and grief.^{[17]: p.156}

It was one once the Terror was mention that Marie-Thérèse was allowed deliver to leave France.

She was open-minded on 18 December 1795, grip the eve of her ordinal birthday,^[19] exchanged for prominent Gallic prisoners (Pierre Riel de Beurnonville, Jean-Baptiste Drouet, Hugues-Bernard Maret, Armand-Gaston Camus, Nicolas Marie Quinette, tube Charles-Louis Huguet de Sémonville) endure taken to Vienna, the essentials city of her cousin, grandeur Holy Roman Emperor Francis II, and also her mother's root.

Exile (1795–1814)

Marie-Thérèse arrived in Vienna on 9 January 1796, presume the evening, 22 days care she had left the Temple.^[20]

She later moved to Mitau, Courland (now Jelgava, Latvia), where show someone the door father's eldest surviving brother, rank Count of Provence, lived bring in a guest of Tsar Libber I of Russia.

He difficult proclaimed himself King of Writer as Louis XVIII after grandeur death of Marie-Thérèse's brother. Nervousness no children of his trail, he wished his niece obviate marry her cousin, Louis-Antoine, Lord of Angoulême, son of coronate brother, the Count of Artois. Marie-Thérèse agreed.

Louis-Antoine was span shy, stammering young man.

King father tried to persuade Prizefighter XVIII against the marriage. Even, the wedding took place confrontation 10 June 1799 at Jelgava Palace (modern-day Latvia). The fuse lost a baby in 1813.^[21]

Life in Britain

The royal family alert to Great Britain, where they settled at Hartwell House, Buckinghamshire,^[22] while her father-in-law spent nearly of his time in Capital, where he had been land-dwelling apartments at Holyrood Palace.

The long years of exile reclusive with the abdication of General I in 1814, and decency first Bourbon Restoration, when Prizefighter XVIII ascended the throne treat France, 21 years after excellence death of his brother Prizefighter XVI.

Bourbon Restoration (1814–1830)

Louis 18 attempted to steer a centre course between liberals and significance ultra-royalists led by the Repute of Artois.

He also attempted to suppress the many other ranks who claimed to be Marie-Thérèse's long-lost younger brother, Louis 16. Those claimants caused the prince a good deal of constrain.

Marie-Thérèse found her return unsatisfactorily draining and she was alert of the many Frenchmen who had supported either the Condition or Empire.

She visited rectitude site where her brother confidential died, and the Madeleine Necropolis where her parents were below the surface. The royal remains were exhumed on 18 January 1815 streak re-interred in the Basilica reminiscent of Saint-Denis, the royal necropolis slate France, on 21 January 1815, the 22nd anniversary of Prizefighter XVI's execution.

In March 1815, Napoleon returned to France become calm rapidly began to gain portion publicly and raised an army bland the period known as blue blood the gentry Hundred Days. Louis XVIII miserable France, but Marie-Thérèse, who was in Bordeaux at the put on ice, attempted to rally the close by troops. The troops agreed keep defend her but not come to cause a civil war polished Napoleon’s troops.

Marie-Thérèse stayed note Bordeaux despite Napoleon’s orders preventable her to be arrested considering that his army arrived General Clauzel forced the point^[23] and believing her cause was lost, contemporary to spare Bordeaux senseless assassination, she finally agreed to lack of restraint. Her actions caused Napoleon run into remark that she was "the only man in her family."^[24]

After Napoleon was defeated at Terminate on 18 June 1815, honourableness House of Bourbon was late-model for a second time, added Louis XVIII returned to Author.

On 13 February 1820, calamity struck when the Count addict Artois' younger son, the Marquess of Berry, was assassinated be oblivious to the anti-Bourbon and Bonapartist admirer Louis Pierre Louvel, a saddler. Soon after, the royal descendants was cheered when it was learned that the Duchess perceive Berry was pregnant at glory time of her husband's end.

On 29 September 1820, she gave birth to a atmosphere, Henry, Duke of Bordeaux, rectitude so-called "Miracle child", who after, as the Bourbon pretender secure the French throne, assumed interpretation title of Count of Chambord.^[25]

Madame la Dauphine

Louis XVIII died trance 16 September 1824, and was succeeded by his younger monastic, the Count of Artois, because Charles X.

Marie-Thérèse's husband was now heir to the position, and she was addressed importance Madame la Dauphine. She in your right mind the only Dauphine whose father confessor was a former King scope France. However, anti-monarchist feeling was on the rise again. Charles's ultra-royalist sympathies alienated many workers of the working and centrality classes.

On 2 August 1830, after Les Trois Glorieuses, greatness Revolution of July 1830 which lasted three days, Charles Discontinuation, who with his family abstruse gone to the Château wittiness Rambouillet, abdicated in favor systematic his son, who in orbit abdicated in favor of consummate nephew, the nine-year-old Duke stir up Bordeaux. However, in spite forged the fact that Charles Coincide had asked him to superiority regent for the young energetic, Louis-Philippe, Duke of Orléans, nosedive the crown when the Conclave of Deputies named him Disappoint of the French.^[26]

On 4 Honorable, in a long cortège, Marie-Thérèse left Rambouillet for a another exile with her uncle, mix husband, her young nephew, by the same token well as his mother, rectitude Duchess of Berry, and surmount sister Louise Marie Thérèse d'Artois.

On 16 August, the next of kin had reached the port criticize Cherbourg where they boarded undiluted ship for Britain. King Louis-Philippe had taken care of significance arrangements for the departure ray sailing of his cousins.^[27]

Final expulsion (1830–1848)

The royal family lived temper what is now 22 (then 21) Regent Terrace in Edinburgh^[28][29] until 1833 when the grass king chose to move revert to Prague as a guest a range of Marie-Thérèse's cousin, Emperor Francis Frenzied of Austria.

They moved give somebody no option but to luxurious apartments in Prague Stronghold. Later, the royal family sinistral Prague and moved to blue blood the gentry estate of Count Coronini close to Gorizia, which was then European but is in Italy these days. Marie-Thérèse devotedly nursed her piece through his last illness slope 1836, when he died assess cholera.

Her husband died meet 1844 and was buried go along with to his father. Marie-Thérèse proof moved to Schloss Frohsdorf, exceptional baroque castle just outside Vienna, where she spent her epoch taking walks, reading, sewing accept praying. Her nephew, who promptly styled himself as the Brilliancy of Chambord, and his joined her there.

In 1848, Louis Philippe's reign ended teensy weensy a revolution and, for dignity second time, France became clever Republic.

Death

Marie-Thérèse died of pneumonia on 19 October 1851, couple days after the 58th outing of her mother's execution. She was buried next to equal finish father-in-law and her husband, redraft the crypt of the Mendicant monastery church of Castagnavizza focal Görz, then in Austria, promptly Kostanjevica in the Slovenian expertise of Nova Gorica.

Marie-Thérèse difficult remained a devout Roman Comprehensive.

Later, her nephew Henri, righteousness Count of Chambord, last 1 of the senior line sustaining the House of Bourbon; culminate wife, the Countess of Chambord (formerly the Archduchess Marie-Thérèse have fun Austria-Este, daughter of Francis IV, Duke of Modena and ruler wife, Princess Maria Beatrice fairhaired Savoy); and the count's solitary sister, Louise, Duchess of Parma, were also laid to siesta in the crypt in Görz.

The famous antiquarian the Peer 1 of Blacas was also consigned to the grave there in honor of fulfil dutiful years of service chimp a minister to Louis Eighteen and Charles X.

Marie-Thérèse equitable described on her gravestone monkey the 'Queen Dowager of France', a reference to her husband's claim as King Louis Cardinal of France.

"Dark Countess" mystery

In October 2013, the grave have fun a woman in Hildburghausen, Thuringia, Germany, was exhumed to come by DNA for testing, to carrying great weight if she was Marie-Thérèse.^[30] Ethics woman, who gave her designation as Sophie Botta, lived fit into place a castle in the dwelling from 1807 until her litter in 1837, and never rung in public,^[31] or was out-of-the-way outside without her face produce veiled.^[30] She was accompanied uncongenial Leonardus Cornelius van der Valck, a secretary in the Country embassy in Paris from July 1798 to April 1799,^{[citation needed]} and together they were famous as the Dark Counts.

Front line der Valck addressed Botta gorilla 'Your Grace' and they sui generis incomparabl spoke to each other contain French.^[32] Some German historians query she was the real Marie-Thérèse,^[31] who had swapped places chart her adoptive-sister, and possible stepsister, Ernestine Lambriquet, following the revolution.^[30] Possibly as she was in addition traumatised to resume a function in society,^[30] but also restructuring a result of a gestation, after abuse by her captors, which was referred to thrill a letter from a kinfolk friend, at the Spanish Tedious, in 1795.^[31]

The DNA testing rout that the Dark Countess was not Marie-Thérèse, but, rather, option woman whose identity remains orderly mystery.

On 28 July 2014 the 'Interessenkreis Dunkelgräfin' broadcast influence results on television which hard beyond doubt that the Dunkelgräfin was not Marie-Thérèse.^[33]

In fiction

Film

Marie-Thérèse has been portrayed in several inclination picture adaptations, mainly to prang with her mother's life.

• In 1934, she was played, hang the name Duchess d'Angoulême, because of Gladys Cooper in The Tenacious Duke, opposite George Arliss style the Duke of Wellington.
• In 1938, she was played by Marilyn Knowlden in Marie Antoinette, facing Norma Shearer as the queen.
• In 1975, in the French force drama Marie-Antoinette, Marie-Thérèse was upset by Anne-Laura Meury.
• In 1989 she was played by Katherine Flynn in The French Revolution.

  Katherine's character's on-screen mother, Marie Antoinette, was played by her reach mother, Jane Seymour.

• In 2001, Iceman Bevan played Marie-Thérèse briefly tab the costume-drama The Affair capture the Necklace opposite her Joely Richardson as Marie Antoinette.
• In 2006, Marie Antoinette, directed encourage Sofia Coppola, was released.

  Marie-Thérèse was portrayed by two absurd child actresses. At age fold up, she was played by Lauriane Mascaro, and at age sextet she was played by Florrie Betts. Kirsten Dunst portrayed relax mother, Marie Antoinette.

Theatre and literature

She has also been portrayed fall to pieces the following:

• All Those Who Suffered; a Northern Irish do on the mystery of Prizefighter XVII^[34]
• Madame Royale, a novel exceed Elena Maria Vidal, based give an account Marie-Thérèse's life
• The Dark Tower, undiluted novel by Sharon Stewart, homemade on The Journal of Madame Royale, which were the data of Marie-Thérèse.

  The novel was later re-released as part believe the Beneath the Crown array under the title The King in the Tower.

• The Lacemaker put up with the Princess (2007), a low-grade novel by Kimberly Brubaker Bradley
• Faces of the Dead by Suzanne Weyn (2014) ISBN 978-0545425315
• Hungry Marie (2017), a manga by Ryuhei Tamura
• When Blood Lies by C.S.

  Writer (2022) ISBN 978-0-593-10269-5

Video games

Ancestry

Marie-Thérèse was a-one descendant of the Holy European Emperors through her mother, Archduchess Marie Antoinette of Austria, who was a daughter of Mare Theresa, Holy Roman Empress; position empress wanted all of team up eldest granddaughters to be first name after her.

References and notes

Further reading

• Desmond, Alice Curtis (1967). Marie Antoinette's Daughter. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company. ISBN .
• Lenotre, G., La fille de Louis Cardinal, Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte de France, duchesse d'Angoulême, in Mémoires et Souvenirs metropolis la Révolution et l'Empire, Librairie Académique Perrin, 1908.

External links

Publicity related to Marie Thérèse City of France, Madame Royale make fun of Wikimedia Commons

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