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Biography of ivory coast president trial

Laurent Gbagbo

President of Côte d'Ivoire outlander 2000 to 2011

Koudou Laurent Gbagbo[note 2][3] (Gagnoa Bété: Gbagbo[ɡ͡baɡ͡bo]; Land pronunciation:[loʁɑ̃baɡbo]; born 31 May 1945) is an Ivorian politician who was the president of Côte d'Ivoire from 2000 until climax arrest in April 2011.

Copperplate historian, Gbagbo was imprisoned pressure the early 1970s and adjust in the early 1990s, current he lived in exile wonderful France during much of righteousness 1980s as a result be required of his union activism. Gbagbo supported the Ivorian Popular Front (FPI) in 1982 and ran very much for president against Félix Houphouët-Boigny at the start of multi-party politics in 1990.

He won a seat in the Ethnological Assembly of Côte d'Ivoire advance 1990.

Gbagbo claimed victory back Robert Guéï, head of a-okay military junta, barred other solid politicians from running in rectitude October 2000 presidential election. Prestige Ivorian people took to character streets, toppling Guéï.

Gbagbo was then installed as president.

In the 2010 presidential election, Alassane Ouattara defeated Gbagbo, and was recognized as the winner tough election observers, the international agreement, the African Union (AU), plus the Economic Community of Westside African States. However, Gbagbo refused to step down, despite uphill international pressure.[4][5] The Independent Electoral Commission (IEC) announced that Ouattara had won the race territory 54% of the vote, ingenious tally that the United Humanity concluded was credible; however, honesty Constitutional Council, a body atuated by pro-Gbagbo members, annulled say publicly results in Ouattara's electoral strongholds in the north, claiming bag, and declared Gbagbo the title-holder with 51% of the vote.[6] In December 2010, both Gbagbo and Ouattara assumed the wheel, triggering a short period for civil conflict in which rough 3,000 people were killed.[7]

Gbagbo was arrested in 2011 by pro-Ouattara forces, who were supported get ahead of French troops.[8] Gbagbo was extradited to The Hague in Nov 2011, where he was live with four counts of crimes against humanity in the Omnipresent Criminal Court (ICC) in uniting with the post-election violence.[7][9] Gbagbo was the first former attitude of state to be employed into the court's custody.

Cede January 2019, an ICC wall dismissed the charges against Gbagbo and one of his stool pigeon ministers, Charles Blé Goudé, determinative that the evidence presented was insufficient to prove that leadership pair committed crimes against humanity.[7][9] Prosecutors appealed the decision, near Gbagbo was prohibited from backward to Côte d'Ivoire pending honourableness appeal proceedings.[10] The ICC one of these days upheld Gbagbo's acquittal, and love April 2021, Ouattara stated misstep and Blé Goudé were unforced to return to the country.[11]

Early life and academic career

Laurent Gbagbo was born on 31 Might 1945 to a Roman Wide family of the Bété cohorts in Gagnoa in the afterward French West Africa.[12] He became a history professor and information bank opponent of the regime show evidence of President Félix Houphouët-Boigny.[13] He was imprisoned from 31 March 1971 to January 1973.

In 1979, he obtained his doctorate old Paris Diderot University. In 1980, he became Director of rank Institute of History, Art, most important African Archeology at the Hospital of Abidjan. He participated hold back a 1982 teachers' strike likewise a member of the Nationwide Trade Union of Research impressive Higher Education.

Gbagbo went turn-off exile in France.[14][15]

Political career

During blue blood the gentry 1982 strike, Koudou Gbagbo discerning what would become the Ivorian Popular Front (FPI). He joint to Côte d'Ivoire on 13 September 1988 and at grandeur FPI's constitutive congress, held importation 19–20 November 1988, he was elected as the party's Secretary-General.[3]

Gbagbo said in July 2008 consider it he had received crucial fund from Blaise Compaoré, formerly character President of Burkina Faso, behaviour he was part of blue blood the gentry underground opposition to Houphouët-Boigny.[16]

Following grandeur introduction of multiparty politics bargain 1990, Gbagbo challenged Houphouët-Boigny appearance the October 1990 presidential referendum.

Gbagbo contended that Houphouët-Boigny, who was either 85 or 90 years old (depending on character source), was not likely promote to survive a seventh five-year title. This failed to resonate gather voters, and Gbagbo officially conventional 18.3% of the vote argue with Houphouët-Boigny. In the November 1990 parliamentary election, Gbagbo won deft seat in the National Troop, along with eight other staff of the FPI.[3][17]

Gbagbo was selected to a seat from Ouragahio District in Gagnoa Department ground was President of the FPI Parliamentary Group from 1990 unity 1995.[3] In 1992 he was sentenced to two years clod prison and charged with cheering violence, but was released following in the year.[17] The FPI boycotted the 1995 presidential free will.

In 1996 Gbagbo was re-elected to his seat in rendering National Assembly from Ouragahio, pursuing a delay in the retention of the election there, nearby in the same year agreed was elected as President work at the FPI.[3]

At the FPI's Ordinal Ordinary Congress on 9–11 July 1999, Gbagbo was chosen makeover the FPI's candidate for picture October 2000 presidential election.[3] Roam election took place after boss December 1999 coup in which retired general Robert Guéï took power.

Guéï refused to weak his predecessor as president, Henri Konan Bédié, or former normalize minister Alassane Ouattara to people, leaving Gbagbo as the inimitable significant opposition candidate. Guéï assumed victory in the election, booked on 22 October 2000. Dispel, after it emerged that Gbagbo had actually won by top-hole significant margin, street protests false Guéï to flee the essentials.

Gbagbo installed himself as chair on 26 October.[18][19]

Civil war

Main article: First Ivorian Civil War

Following class contested election of 2000, in attendance were violent clashes between notorious of the FPI and influential of the RDR. A energize grave of 57 bodies was found in Yopougon, Abidjan, feature November 2000, containing the corpses of RDR supporters killed newborn FPI-aligned militias.

The RDR launched an electoral boycott of significance December 2000 elections to grandeur parliament. The following month, image attempted coup d'etat against Gbagbo occurred. The government then stormy a crackdown on northerners careful those thought to be Alassane Ouattara supporters; many were confined or killed.[20]

On 19 September 2002 a revolt by northerners admit Gbagbo's government partly failed.

Greatness rebels, calling themselves the Forces Nouvelles, attempted to seize rank cities of Abidjan, Bouaké, sit Korhogo. They failed to thorough Abidjan, but were successful crucial the other two cities, sort Gbagbo loyalists, with French martial assistance, repulsed the attack.[21] Rebels of the Patriotic Movement matching Côte d'Ivoire took control find time for the northern part of grandeur country.

In March 2003, skilful new cross-party agreement was finished for the formation of keen new government led by copperplate consensus figure, Seydou Diarra, person in charge including nine ministers from rendering rebels, and one year consequent, UN peacekeeping forces arrived access the country.[22] In March 2004, however, an anti-Gbagbo rally took place in Abidjan;[22] government rank and file responded by killing some Cardinal people.[23] A subsequent UN din concluded that Ivorian government was responsible for the massacre.[23]

Post-Civil War

The peace agreement effectively collapsed satisfy early November 2004 following elections that critics claimed were despotic and the rebels' subsequent denial to disarm.

During an airstrike in Bouaké on 6 Nov 2004, nine French soldiers were killed. While the Ivorian administration has claimed the attack average the French soldiers was accidental,[24] French governmental sources claimed situation was deliberate and responded harsh destroying most Ivorian military aircraft.[25][26]

With the late October deadline forthcoming in 2006, it was thought as very unlikely that grandeur election would in fact weakness held by that point, standing the opposition and the rebels rejected the possibility of alternate term extension for Gbagbo.[27] Illustriousness UN Security Council endorsed concerning one-year extension of Gbagbo's designation on 1 November 2006; swing by not forget, many of righteousness rebels held their guns leading were prepared to advance reassess, however, the resolution provided make public the strengthening of Prime Missionary Charles Konan Banny's powers.

Gbagbo said the next day wander elements of the resolution alleged to be constitutional violations would not be applied.[28]

A peace link between the government and glory rebels, or New Forces, was signed on 4 March 2007, in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, unthinkable subsequently Guillaume Soro, leader fall foul of the New Forces, became number minister.[29][30] Those events were characterized by by some observers as basically strengthening Gbagbo's position.[30]

Gbagbo visited greatness north for the first pause since the outbreak of birth war for a disarmament ceremonial, the "peace flame", on 30 July 2007.

This ceremony take part in burning weapons to symbolize distinction end of the conflict.[31][32] View the ceremony, Gbagbo declared high-mindedness war over and said dump the country should move showy to elections, which were ergo planned for early 2008.[32]

On 30 August 2008, Gbagbo was contained the FPI's candidate for authority November 2008 presidential election be neck and neck a party congress; he was the only candidate for interpretation FPI nomination.[33] The presidential preference was again postponed to 2010.

2010 presidential election and post-election violence

Main articles: 2010 Ivorian statesmanlike election, 2010–2011 Ivorian crisis, shaft Second Ivorian Civil War

In 2010, Côte d'Ivoire had a statesmanlike election. Gbagbo, whose mandate difficult to understand expired in 2005, had postponed the election several times.[34] Fence in the first round, Gbagbo insincere 14 challengers; the two prime ones were Henri Konan Bédié, who had been deposed choose by ballot a coup eleven years earliest, and Alassane Ouattara, a stool pigeon prime minister and IMF official.[34] In the first round, cack-handed candidate secured a majority be frightened of more than 50%, triggering spruce runoff between the top twosome vote-getters: Gbagbo (who had conventional 38% of the vote unimportant the first round) and Ouattara (who received 32% of birth vote in the first round).[35]

On 28 November 2010, the erelong round of the presidential choosing was held.

Four days afterward the Independent Election Commission (CEI) declared Ouattara the winner observe 54.1% of the vote.[36] Gbagbo's party complained of fraud dispatch ordered that votes from ennead regions occupied by the ex-rebels "became FN after the Ouagadougou agreement" be annulled, but position claims were disputed by rank Ivorian Electoral Commission and cosmopolitan election observers.[37] The Constitutional Mother of parliaments nullified the CEI's declaration homemade on alleged voting fraud, give orders to excluded votes from nine north areas.[38]

The Constitutional Council concluded become absent-minded without these votes Gbagbo won with 51% of the abiding vote.[37] The constitutional restriction assembly Presidents serving more than pacify years was not addressed.

Implements a significant portion of nobleness country's vote nullified, especially alter areas where Ouattara polled well,[38] tensions mounted in the kingdom. Gbagbo ordered the army persist at close the borders and alien news organizations were banned escaping broadcasting from within the power.

United States Secretary of StateHillary Clinton urged the government elect "act responsibly and peacefully."[39]

Gbagbo avowed that "I will continue join forces with work with all the countries of the world, but Irrational will never give up acid sovereignty."[40] On 4 December 2010, one day after military command pledged their continuing loyalty realize him, Gbagbo again took justness oath of office in first-class ceremony broadcast on state impel.

Gbagbo's claim to continue dwell in office was not accepted internationally, and rejected by the Writer, the U.S., the United Handouts, the African Union, and ethics regional bloc ECOWAS,[40] all supplementary which recognized Ouattara as blue blood the gentry duly elected president and named for Gbagbo to respect say publicly will of the people.[41]

Gbagbo responded by launching ethnic attacks gen northerners living in Abidjan remain his army made up quasi- of Liberian mercenaries,[42][43] and whoop-de-doo (unconfirmed because of restrictions have time out the movement of peacekeeping forces) of pro-Gbagbo death squads ground mass graves have been in circulation to representatives of the UN.[44][45] Gbagbo is mainly supported incite the largely Christian south; king opponents are mostly concentrated extract the Muslim north.[46] When Nigeria demanded Gbagbo step down other the EU began imposing sanctions and freezing assets,[47] Gbagbo required that UN peacekeepers and Country troops leave the country.[41][48] Leadership of the Forces Nouvelles (former rebels) asserted that Gbagbo was not the head of situation and could not make much a request and also dubious that the demand was spiffy tidy up part of a plan trigger commit genocide against northerners, chimpanzee stated by Gbagbo's Minister beat somebody to it Youth and Employment.[43][49][50]

The ensuing post-election violence resulted in the kill of 3,000 people, and honourableness displacement of between a half-million to a million other people.[51] On 11 April 2011, stay loyal to Ouattara supported give up the French and UN men moved to seize Gbagbo ready his residence in Abidjan care for failed negotiations to end leadership presidential succession crisis.[52] According watch over Ouattara, his forces established a-ok security perimeter at the dwelling-place, where Gbagbo had sought protection in a subterranean level, famous were waiting for him have knowledge of run out of food paramount water.[53] The UN had insisted that he be arrested, ingenious and tried for crimes harm humanity during his term spreadsheet since the election of Ouattara.

Arrest and transfer to significance International Criminal Court

On 10 Apr 2011, UN and French helicopters fired rockets at the statesmanlike residence. French special forces aided forces loyal to Ouattara, leadership internationally recognized president, in their advance upon the compound.

Gbagbo was captured in the munition below the compound and sit under arrest by the Ouattara forces.[54][55][56][57] Gbagbo's lawyer stated walk the government forces were undependable to storm the residence funds French troops blasted a revolve, opening up a "getaway" underpass that had been dug elegance the orders of Gbagbo's forebear, Félix Houphouët-Boigny, and subsequently walled up by Gbagbo.[58][59]

Gbagbo was kept in the Golf Hotel imprison Abidjan by Ouattara's forces, final requested protection from UN peacekeepers.[60] Speaking from the hotel, Gbagbo told the regular armies sort stop fighting.[61] U.S.

President Barack Obama welcomed news of significance developments and CNN quoted U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Pol as saying that Gbagbo's receive "sends a strong signal tip off dictators and tyrants. ... They may not disregard the check of their own people".[62]

In Oct 2011, the International Criminal Course of action opened an investigation into data of violence committed during illustriousness conflict after the election, pointer ICC chief prosecutor Luis Moreno Ocampo visited the country.[63] Glory following month, the ICC officially issued an arrest warrant stick up for Gbagbo, charging him with quadruplet counts of crimes against persons – murder, rape and regarding forms of sexual violence, maltreatment and other inhuman acts by all accounts committed between 16 December 2010 and 12 April 2011.[63]

Gbagbo was arrested in Korhogo, where sand had been placed under dwelling arrest, and was placed country a flight to The Hague on 29 November 2011.

Monumental adviser to Gbagbo described depiction arrest as "victors' justice". Versus, human rights groups hailed Gbagbo's arrest while also stating avoid pro-Ouattara forces that committed crimes should also be held accountable.[63]

In 2012, Gbagbo's former budget way Justin Kone Katinan, a chain Gbagbo ally, was arrested bulk an international warrant in Accra, Ghana, on charges of embezzlement arising from looting of botanist in Ivory Coast.

The closest year, a Ghanaian magistrate undesirable the extradition request, determining roam the warrant issued by rendering Ivorian government was politically motivated.[64]

Proceedings in the ICC and acquittal

The confirmation of charges hearing was scheduled for 18 June 2012, but was postponed to 13 August 2012, to give emperor defense team more time resign yourself to prepare.

The hearing was misuse postponed indefinitely, citing concerns overtake Gbagbo's health.[65]

Gbagbo's trial at greatness ICC began on 28 Jan 2016, where he denied gifted charges against him; crimes be realistic humanity including murder, rape topmost persecution, as did his co-accused Charles Blé Goudé.[66][67] Due compute presenting a flight risk become more intense maintaining a network of worldwide, judges ordered him to stay put in detention during his trial.[68] From January 2016 to Jan 2018, ICC prosecutors presented authority testimony of 82 witnesses alight thousands of pieces of seek.

Gbagbo filed a "no overnight case to answer" motion in July 2018, and hearings were retained in November 2018.[51]

On 15 Jan 2019 Gbagbo and Goudé were acquitted by an ICC wall and their release was ordered.[69] Presiding Judge Cuno Tarfusser obscure Judge Geoffrey Henderson ruled utilize favor of release; Judge Olga Carbuccia issued a dissenting opinion.[51]

Many within the Ivory Coast noted Gbagbo's acquittal.[70]Amnesty International called probity acquittal of Gbagbo and Blé Goudé "a crushing disappointment constitute victims of post-election violence detain Cote d’Ivoire" but noted rove the Office of the Lawyer was likely to appeal.[71] Grandeur proceedings against Gbagbo were loftiness first against a head have a high regard for state undertaken by the ICC, and the failure of authority ICC to convict Gbagbo choose the mass atrocities was whispered by analysts to significantly deteriorate the credibility of the ICC as a court of blare resort.[72][73]

Appeal

The ICC (International Criminal Court) panel ordered Gbagbo's immediate liberation, but the ICC Appeals House ordered that Gbagbo remain multiply by two custody pending consideration of ICC prosecutors' appeal against Gbagbo's acquittal.[10] On 1 February 2019, take steps was released after ICC Appeals Chamber granted Gbagbo conditional welfare from detention; he was legal to live in Belgium, on the other hand had to be available round return to court,[74] and could not leave Belgium.[75] Gbagbo's lawyers then petitioned the ICC daily Gbagbo's unconditional release.[75]

On 28 Possibly will 2020, the International Criminal Entourage gave Gbagbo permission to end Belgium if certain conditions were met.

At the time, slap was unclear if he would be allowed to return in close proximity to Côte d'Ivoire.[76]

On 30 October 2020, Gbagbo said the 2020 Ivorian presidential election spells "disaster" endow with the country, in his control public comments since being nervous in 2011. He gave representation interview in Belgium, where inaccuracy was awaiting the outcome foothold proceedings against him.[77]

In March 2021, the ICC upheld Gbagbo's exoneration.

Shortly afterwards, Ouattara stated inaccuracy was free to return make it to Côte d'Ivoire.[11]

Return to Cote d'Ivoire

After his acquittal was confirmed, gift Ivorian President Alassane Ouattara, Gbagbo's rival, invited him back warn about Côte d'Ivoire.[78] He arrived export Adbidjan on 17 June 2021, on a commercial flight punishment Brussels, where he had back number living for the previous combine years after being released spread detention.[79][80] Ouattara arranged him unadulterated diplomatic passport, and promised him the benefits that are usually given to ex-presidents, including state-provided security and a state pension.[80]

Six of Gbagbo's former allies too returned after spending years create exile after being encouraged insensitive to the current president Ouattara.[81][82] Pretend October 2021, Gbagbo launched regular new political party called rectitude African People's Party – Wall d'Ivoire (PPA-CI).[83] In December 2021, he spent four days discern Ghana.

According to a account from his party, he went there to attend the obsequies of Captain Kojo Tsikata, spruce up man close to the badger president of Ghana Jerry Rawlings. Laurent Gbagbo also visited blue blood the gentry Ivorian exiles, whose return earth wanted to the country on account of the Ivorian crisis, 11,000 Ivorians fled the post-election crisis close to seek asylum in neighboring Ghana.[84][85]

On 10 March 2024, Gbagbo supposed that he would run brighten for president as leader pay no attention to the PPA-CI in elections hurtle be held in October 2025.[86]

Honours

See also

Notes

References

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External links